![]() ![]() The first group consciously identifying itself as "Taoist" ( Dàojiào) appeared and began to collect texts during the fifth century CE. These texts had some things in common, especially ideas about personal cultivation and integration with what they saw as the deep realities of life. According to Russell Kirkland, "Taoists did not generally regard themselves as followers of a single religious community that shared a single set of teachings, or practices." Instead of drawing on a single book or the works of one founding teacher, Taoism developed out a widely diverse set of Chinese beliefs and texts, that over time were gathered together into various synthetic traditions. Additionally, around 1,400 distinct texts have been collected together as part of the Taoist canon ( Dàozàng).Įarly sources The birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Zhou dynasty.Ĭompared to other philosophical traditions, Taoist philosophy is quite heterogeneous. The I Ching was also later linked to this tradition by scholars such as Wang Bi. The principal texts of this philosophical tradition are traditionally seen as the Daodejing, and the Zhuangzi, though it was only during the Han dynasty that they were grouped together under the label "Taoist" ( Daojia). Taoist texts and the literati and Taoist priests that wrote and commented on them never made the distinction between "religious" and "philosophical" ideas, particularly those related to metaphysics and ethics. While scholars have sometimes attempted to separate "Taoist philosophy" from "Taoist religion", there was never really such a separation. 'bright and dark'), biànhuà ("transformation") and fǎn ("reversal"), and personal cultivation through meditation and other spiritual practices. ![]() Throughout its history, Taoist philosophy has emphasised concepts like wúwéi ("effortless action"), zìrán ( lit. Taoism differs from Confucianism in putting more emphasis on physical and spiritual cultivation and less emphasis on political organization. Since the initial stages of Taoist thought, there have been varying schools of Taoist philosophy and they have drawn from and interacted with other philosophical traditions such as Confucianism and Buddhism. The Dào is a mysterious and deep principle that is the source, pattern and substance of the entire universe. 'Tao school') also known as Taology refers to the various philosophical currents of Taoism, a tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Dào ( Chinese: 道 lit. Taoist philosophy ( Chinese: 道家 pinyin: Dàojiā lit. ![]()
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